He draws a particular example from his experience with the Satsuma Rebellion. In 1878, Kawaji wrote a book on swordsmanship, Gekiken Saikō-ron (Revitalizing Swordsmanship), stressing sword styles should not disappear with modernization, but should be integrated as necessary skills for the police. This integration effort led to the development of modern kendo. However, it proved difficult to integrate all sword arts, leading to a compromise of ten practice moves ( kata) for police training. Drawn Sword Corps), consisting mainly of sword-wielding policemen. This led to the rise of the Battotai (抜刀隊, lit. Meanwhile, in an attempt to standardize the sword styles ( kenjutsu) used by policemen, Kawaji Toshiyoshi recruited swordsmen from various schools to come up with a unified swordsmanship style. In 1876, five years after a voluntary surrender of swords, the government banned the use of swords by the surviving samurai and initiated sword hunts. After the Meiji Restoration in the late 1800s, Sakakibara Kenkichi popularized public gekiken for commercial gain, resulting in increased interest in kendo and kenjutsu. Modern kendo techniques, such as Suriage-Men and Oikomi-Men, were originally Hokushin Ittō-ryū techniques, were named by Chiba Shūsaku.

Due to the large number of students of the Hokushin Ittō-ryū Hyōhō at the end of the Edo period, the use of bamboo swords and armor as a form of practice became popular.

Shūsaku Narimasa Chiba ( 千葉周作成政, 1792-1855), founder of the Hokushin Ittō-ryū Hyōhō (北辰一刀流兵法), introduced gekiken (撃剣) (full contact duels with bamboo swords and training armor) to the curriculum of tradition arts in the 1820s. Naganuma Sirozaemon Kunisato ( 長沼四郎左衛門国郷, 1688-1767) inherited the tradition from his father Heizaemon in 1708, and the two of them collaborated to improve what would become modern kendo training armor. He is also credited with refining the armor by adding a metal grille to the headpiece and thick cotton protective coverings to the gauntlets. Yamada Heizaemon Mitsunori (Ippūsai) ( 山田平左衛門光徳(一風斎), 1638–1718), third son of Naganuma and the 8th headmaster of the Kashima Shinden Jikishinkage-ryū Kenjutsu, is credited with improving the art with Japanese wooden and bamboo swords, according to his gravestone's inscription. Naganuma developed the use of this armor and established a training method using bamboo swords. The introduction of bamboo practice swords and armor to sword training is attributed to Naganuma Shirōzaemon Kunisato ( 長沼四郎左衛門国郷, 1688–1767) during the Shotoku Era (1711–1715).

They are still studied today, in a modified form. Formal kendo exercises known as kata were developed several centuries ago as kenjutsu practice for warriors. These continued for centuries and form the basis of kendo practice today. Swordsmen in Japan established schools of kenjutsu (the ancestor of kendo). Takasugi Shinsaku, late Edo period kendo practitioner

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